Calidad / transporte de cargas

Frutas, hortalizas y cadena de frio.

Una guia por producto basada en recomendaciones publicadas para el transporte, no en tablas de almacenamiento. El estado de la mercaderia, el envase, la duracion del viaje y las especificaciones del cargador determinan el plan operativo.

Referencia por producto

Temperaturas de transporte por producto.

Ordenadas por temperatura maxima recomendada. Los valores para productos enteros provienen del manual USDA de transporte en camion (1995, reimpreso en 2008); el melon cortado utiliza una guia sectorial de transporte y la frutilla, un protocolo argentino de transporte. Son condiciones deseadas de traslado, no limites de tolerancia legal ni sustituyen la ficha de carga.

Producto	Tipo	Transito min °C	Transito max °C	Fuente
Tomate verde maduro	Fresco	12.8	21.1	USDA, tabla III-1 de transporteProtecting Perishable Foods During Transport by Truck, Appendix III: Recommended Protective Services for Perishable Foods During Transit
Papa temprana de mesa	Fresco	10	15.6	USDA, tabla III-1 de transporteProtecting Perishable Foods During Transport by Truck, Appendix III: Recommended Protective Services for Perishable Foods During Transit
Sandia	Fresco	10	15.6	USDA, tabla III-1 de transporteProtecting Perishable Foods During Transport by Truck, Appendix III: Recommended Protective Services for Perishable Foods During Transit
Banana	Fresco	13.3	14.4	USDA, tabla III-1 de transporteProtecting Perishable Foods During Transport by Truck, Appendix III: Recommended Protective Services for Perishable Foods During Transit
Anana verde maduro	Fresco	10	13	USDA, tabla III-1 de transporteProtecting Perishable Foods During Transport by Truck, Appendix III: Recommended Protective Services for Perishable Foods During Transit
Calabaza de invierno	Fresco	10	12.8	USDA, tabla III-1 de transporteProtecting Perishable Foods During Transport by Truck, Appendix III: Recommended Protective Services for Perishable Foods During Transit
Limon	Fresco	7.2	12.8	USDA, tabla III-1 de transporteProtecting Perishable Foods During Transport by Truck, Appendix III: Recommended Protective Services for Perishable Foods During Transit
Mango entero	Fresco	12.8	12.8	USDA, tabla III-1 de transporteProtecting Perishable Foods During Transport by Truck, Appendix III: Recommended Protective Services for Perishable Foods During Transit
Pepino	Fresco	10	12.8	USDA, tabla III-1 de transporteProtecting Perishable Foods During Transport by Truck, Appendix III: Recommended Protective Services for Perishable Foods During Transit
Pimiento morron	Fresco	7.2	12.8	USDA, tabla III-1 de transporteProtecting Perishable Foods During Transport by Truck, Appendix III: Recommended Protective Services for Perishable Foods During Transit
Berenjena	Fresco	8	12.2	USDA, tabla III-1 de transporteProtecting Perishable Foods During Transport by Truck, Appendix III: Recommended Protective Services for Perishable Foods During Transit
Lima	Fresco	8.9	10	USDA, tabla III-1 de transporteProtecting Perishable Foods During Transport by Truck, Appendix III: Recommended Protective Services for Perishable Foods During Transit
Melon honeydew / casaba	Fresco	7.2	10	USDA, tabla III-1 de transporteProtecting Perishable Foods During Transport by Truck, Appendix III: Recommended Protective Services for Perishable Foods During Transit
Papa tardia de mesa	Fresco	4.4	10	USDA, tabla III-1 de transporteProtecting Perishable Foods During Transport by Truck, Appendix III: Recommended Protective Services for Perishable Foods During Transit
Tomate rosado	Fresco	7.2	10	USDA, tabla III-1 de transporteProtecting Perishable Foods During Transport by Truck, Appendix III: Recommended Protective Services for Perishable Foods During Transit
Anana maduro	Fresco	7.2	7.2	USDA, tabla III-1 de transporteProtecting Perishable Foods During Transport by Truck, Appendix III: Recommended Protective Services for Perishable Foods During Transit
Chaucha	Fresco	4.4	7.2	USDA, tabla III-1 de transporteProtecting Perishable Foods During Transport by Truck, Appendix III: Recommended Protective Services for Perishable Foods During Transit
Melon cantalupo	Fresco	2.2	5	USDA, tabla III-1 de transporteProtecting Perishable Foods During Transport by Truck, Appendix III: Recommended Protective Services for Perishable Foods During Transit
Melon cortado	Cortado / refrigerado	0	5	Guia sectorial de melonesCommodity Specific Food Safety Guidelines for the Melon Supply Chain
Mandarina	Fresco	4.4	4.4	USDA, tabla III-1 de transporteProtecting Perishable Foods During Transport by Truck, Appendix III: Recommended Protective Services for Perishable Foods During Transit
Manzana (segun variedad)	Fresco	-1.1	4.4	USDA, tabla III-1 de transporteProtecting Perishable Foods During Transport by Truck, Appendix III: Recommended Protective Services for Perishable Foods During Transit
Esparrago	Fresco	0	1.7	USDA, tabla III-1 de transporteProtecting Perishable Foods During Transport by Truck, Appendix III: Recommended Protective Services for Perishable Foods During Transit
Frutilla	Fresco	0	1	Resolucion 866/2012Protocolo de Calidad para Frutilla, seccion 2.2.2: Transporte
Mezcla de ensalada fresca	Cortado / refrigerado	0.6	0.6	USDA, tabla III-1 de transporteProtecting Perishable Foods During Transport by Truck, Appendix III: Recommended Protective Services for Perishable Foods During Transit
Arandano	Fresco	-0.6	0	USDA, tabla III-1 de transporteProtecting Perishable Foods During Transport by Truck, Appendix III: Recommended Protective Services for Perishable Foods During Transit
Brocoli entero	Fresco	0	0	USDA, tabla III-1 de transporteProtecting Perishable Foods During Transport by Truck, Appendix III: Recommended Protective Services for Perishable Foods During Transit
Coliflor	Fresco	0	0	USDA, tabla III-1 de transporteProtecting Perishable Foods During Transport by Truck, Appendix III: Recommended Protective Services for Perishable Foods During Transit
Lechuga entera	Fresco	0	0	USDA, tabla III-1 de transporteProtecting Perishable Foods During Transport by Truck, Appendix III: Recommended Protective Services for Perishable Foods During Transit
Zanahoria entera	Fresco	0	0	USDA, tabla III-1 de transporteProtecting Perishable Foods During Transport by Truck, Appendix III: Recommended Protective Services for Perishable Foods During Transit
Uva vinifera	Fresco	-1.1	-0.6	USDA, tabla III-1 de transporteProtecting Perishable Foods During Transport by Truck, Appendix III: Recommended Protective Services for Perishable Foods During Transit
Frutas y hortalizas ultracongeladas	Ultracongelado	No definido	-18	USDA, transporte de congeladosProtecting Perishable Foods During Transport by Truck, Frozen Foods

Cuando minima y maxima coinciden, la fuente indica una temperatura deseada de transporte, no una banda de fluctuacion permitida. Para ultracongelados, -18 °C es la temperatura maxima del producto; valores inferiores son admisibles. Los valores USDA son referencias de practica estadounidense y deben verificarse segun variedad, madurez, destino y requisitos argentinos aplicables.

Pelados o cortados al vacio

La papa, remolacha, zanahoria, manzana y mango pelados o cortados quedan fuera de la tabla numerica porque las fuentes de transporte citadas no establecen un rango universal para ellos. Para cada producto preparado o envasado al vacio, seguir la temperatura de transporte y vida util validadas por el fabricante y su plan de inocuidad. El rango del melon cortado no valida automaticamente otros productos ni el envasado al vacio.

Referencia FDA sobre envasado con oxigeno reducido

Cuanto tiempo puede interrumpirse la cadena de frio?

No existe un maximo universal de minutos u horas para estos productos. La temperatura aplicable debe mantenerse durante todo el transporte. Ante un desvio, registrar temperatura real del producto y del aire, hora de inicio y fin, lote y envase; luego solicitar evaluacion del dador de la carga o del area de calidad antes de liberar la mercaderia.

Requisitos argentinos para el transporte de alimentos

Antes de cargar

Una temperatura no sirve para toda carga.

Confirmar producto y estado, instrucciones del dador de la carga o fabricante, requisitos argentinos aplicables, capacidad del vehiculo y registros de temperatura. Preenfriar cuando corresponda y verificar la temperatura del producto al recibirlo.

No combinar en un mismo compartimento sin separacion mercaderias con requisitos incompatibles de temperatura, humedad o etileno. Un producto fresco entero tambien puede sufrir dano por exceso de frio.

Un estudio de viajes reales de citricos en camion refrigerado encontro que la fruta dentro de un pallet con ventilacion insuficiente podia superar 10 °C aun con el equipo frigorifico en marcha. Es una observacion medida, no un limite de transporte para citricos ni otros productos. Ver el estudio publicado en Food Control (2024)